Number Nine Visual Driver

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Number Nine Visual Technology Corporation was a manufacturer of video graphics chips and cards from 1982 to 1999. Number Nine developed the first 128-bit graphics processor (the Imagine 128), as well as the first 256-color and 16.8 million color cards. F1’s Greatest Drivers: Number Nine, Graham Hill December 29, 2020 December 29, 2020 - by Tayyib Abu - Leave a Comment F1’s greatest drivers series continues this week with the man ranked ninth. F9 (2021) cast and crew credits, including actors, actresses, directors, writers and more. He Army’s Transportation School at Ft Lee, VA, now offers a Master Driver Trainer. Qualification Course (MDTQC). The 90-hour course (80 hours resident training and 10 hours online) is open to staff sergeants and sergeants first class from all Army components in the 88M, motor transport operator, MOS. Step 2: Install the Kindle Fire Driver (Windows Only) If you're using Windows, download this Kindle Fire driver: kindlefireusbdriver.zip. After downloading the file, extract the contents into a new folder and double-click the FireDevices ABD drivers file. Proceed through the installation wizard screens to install the driver.

Number Nine Visual Technology Corporation was a manufacturer of video graphics chips and cards from 1982 to 1999. Number Nine developed the first 128-bit graphics processor (the Imagine 128), as well as the first 256-color and 16.8 million color cards.^[1]

The name of the company, as well as many of its products (e.g., Revolution, Imagine, Pepper, Ticket to Ride) refer to Beatles songs. At system boot up, Number Nine cards' video BIOS splash screens display short phrases from Beatles songs related to the cards' model names. Card model names were usually preceded by a '#9' moniker. Like 3dfx, Number Nine often had interesting retail box art.

2Products

History

Number Nine was founded in 1982 by Andrew Najda and Stan Bialek as Number Nine Computer Corporation in Lexington, Massachusetts. The company was renamed Number Nine Visual Technology Corporation in the early 1990s. Number Nine initially made an Apple II accelerator board, then later moved into the design and manufacture of high end PC graphics cards in 1983. Number Nine was one of the premier, higher-end graphics card companies into the early 1990s. In the mid to late 1990s, Number Nine lost market share due to price and performance competition from other video card makers, particularly Matrox, 3dfx, Diamond, and ATI. Number Nine had been slow to respond to the boom in 3D graphics, and had continued to emphasize high quality, fast 2D graphics. On December 20, 1999, Number Nine filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection and announced a 'letter-of-intent' for S3 Inc. (later S3 Graphics Co.) to buy substantially all assets and intellectual property of Number Nine. By mid 2000, Number Nine had ceased operations entirely and S3 had completed acquisition of Number Nine's assets. In 2002, two former Number Nine engineers, James Macleod and Francis Bruno, formed Silicon Spectrum, Inc., and licensed Number Nine's graphics technology from S3 to implement in FPGA devices.^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]

For five years after Number Nine closed its doors, a former employee kept Number Nine's website up and running, with driver downloads and a forum available for self-help. A volunteer and #9 enthusiast provided regular, impromptu technical support on the forum for the last two and a half years the site was active. Several former employees checked in to help occasionally. The website finally went off the air for good in March 2005, and the URL name was taken over by an on-line gambling company.

Products

The first Number Nine graphics cards were ISA bus, pre-VGA standard cards that had no graphics accelerator chips. In the later 1980s to early 1990s, Number Nine made ISA and MCA bus graphics cards based on Texas Instruments' TIGA coprocessors.

Beginning in the 1990s, Number Nine made AGP and PCI graphics cards with their own proprietary graphics accelerators (the Imagine line GPUs). Contemporaneously, Number Nine made AGP, PCI, VLB and ISA graphics cards using S3 Graphics' accelerator chips. Their very last AGP card used an Nvidia GPU.

Early pre-VGA Video Cards

Ye truly olde cards (no co-processor, pre-1986, pre-VGA standard):

#9 Model	Display Resolution	Color Palette^[6]	PC Bus	Notes
Number Nine Graphics System	CGA	CGA	ISA
Revolution 512x8	512×480	256 colors selectable from a palette of 16.7 million	ISA	uses NEC µPD7220
Revolution 512x32	512×480	245,760 colors selectable from a palette of 16.7 million	ISA	uses NEC µPD7220
Revolution 1024x8	1024×768 from 1024×1024	256 colors selectable from a palette of 16.7 million	ISA
Revolution 2048x4^[7]	1280×960 from 2048×1024	16 colors selectable from a palette of 4096	ISA	Hitachi HD63484 Advanced CRT Controller

The Revolution series were large, full-length cards that ranged in price from $1995 to $2995 at introduction.

TIGA Cards

Number Nine graphics cards using Texas Instruments' TIGA co-processors were made from about 1986 to 1992. The Texas Instruments TMS-340x0 co-processors were coupled with custom Number Nine-designed application specific chips, which could only handle very primitive graphics functions such as clipping. Nevertheless, this was a major accomplishment back in the day. With the exception of the GXi Lite, all of the TIGA graphics cards were large, full length cards.

Cards using a TIGA co-processor were (in approximate order of introduction):

#9 Model	TIGA co-processor	Memory	PC Bus Architecture
Pepper	TMS-34010	??	ISA
Pepper SGT	TMS-34010 + Intel 82786	1M, 4M?	ISA
Pepper Pro 1024^[8]	TMS-34010	1.5M, 2M	MCA, ISA
Pepper Pro 1280	TMS-34010	??	MCA?, ISA
Pepper Pro 1600	TMS-34010	??	MCA?, ISA
GX	TMS-34010?	?? 1M DRAM? + 2M VRAM?	MCA?, ISA
GXi Lite	TMS-34020	1M DRAM + 1M VRAM	MCA?, ISA
GXi	TMS-34020	1M DRAM + 2M VRAM	MCA?, ISA
GXiTC	TMS-34020	1M? DRAM + 4M VRAM	MCA?, ISA

The TIGA-based cards were very expensive in their day, ranging in price from $995 to $2495 at introduction.

Number Nine Video Cards using Number Nine GPUs

Imagine 128 (early original version, note old company name)

The Imagine series GPUs (also called graphics accelerators) were Number Nine's own in-house designs. The Imagine series went through four generations:

Imagine 128 (Imagine)
Imagine 128-II (Imagine2)
T2R (marked 'Ticket to Ride'; sometimes marked 'Imagine-3')
T2R4 (marked 'Ticket to Ride IV').

The Imagine 128 GPU introduced a full 128-bit graphics processor—GPU, internal processor bus, and memory bus were all 128 bits. However, there was no, or very little, hardware support for 3D graphics operations.^[9]

The Imagine 128-II added Gouraud shading, 32-bit Z-buffering, double display buffering, and a 256-bit video rendering engine.^[10]

The Ticket to Ride (Imagine-3) supported WRAM and both the AGP and PCI buses, had a 3D floating point setup engine, bilinear filtering and perspective correction, Gouraud shading, alpha blending, interpolated fogging, specular lighting, double and triple display buffering, 16-, 24- and 32-bit Z-buffering, MPEG-1 and MPEG-2, and hardware MIP mapping.^[11]

The Ticket to Ride IV included an integrated 250 MHz RAMDAC, support for up to 32 MiB SDRAM, full scene anti-aliasing, per pixel fog, specular, and alpha effects, 10-level detail per pixel MIP mapping, bilnear and trilinear filtering, 8 bits per texel, 8 KB on-chip texture cache, hardware MPEG-1 and MPEG-2, and a full IEEE 754 floating point pipeline 3D rendering setup engine.^[12]^[13]

Number Nine graphics accelerators were used on the following Number Nine model video cards:

#9 Model	#9 GPU	Memory	PC Bus Architecture
Imagine 128	Imagine 128	4M, 8M VRAM	PCI
Imagine 128 Series 2	Imagine 128-II	4M, 8M H-VRAM	PCI
Imagine 128 Series 2e	Imagine 128-II	4M EDO DRAM	PCI
Revolution 3D	T2R	4M or 8M (base), 12M, 16M WRAM	PCI, AGP
Revolution IV	T2R4	16M, 32M SDRAM	PCI, AGP
Revolution IV-FP	T2R4	32M SDRAM	PCI, AGP

These 1990s video cards were Number Nine's flagship cards of their day (the Imagine 128 and 128 Series 2 were very expensive). None required a heatsink on the GPU. The original Imagine 128 was introduced in 1994. The Revolution IV was introduced in 1998.

In addition to a standard analog VGA connector, the Revolution IV-FP (also called the Revolution IV-1600SW) had an OpenLDI digital interface connector for the Silicon Graphics, Inc (SGI) 1600SW digital flat panel monitor. The Revolution IV-FP was one of only two standard video adapters with the OpenLDI interface for SGI's 1600SW digital flat panel monitor; the other was the 3Dlabs Oxygen VX1-1600SW. (SGI's 1600SW video adapters were proprietary to their O2, 320, and 540 graphics workstations. Formac made a limited number of PCI cards with OpenLDI for Apple Macs.)

The OpenLDI interface is neither physically nor electrically compatible with the modern DVI-D interface. This was the early days of digital video connections, and there were several competing, incompatible standards. OpenLDI for stand-alone displays disappeared, but several aftermarket manufacturers made adapters to convert OpenLDI to DVI-D so more modern video cards would work with the 1600SW monitor.

The 1600SW monitor was far ahead of its time, and was eagerly sought long after it was out of production. For this reason, for a time, Revolution IV-FP and Oxygen VX1-1600SW video cards commanded a premium price in the used market, long after they were out of production.

Number Nine Video Cards with Heatsinks

Number Nine's last two graphics cards were the only ones to require heatsinks on the GPU. Both outperformed the Revolution IV.

The SR9 was Number Nine's last retail card. It used an S3 Savage4 GPU with a small heatsink on the GPU.
An OEM-only AGP card using an Nvidia TNT2-M64 GPU and [16M? or] 32M SDRAM. The heatsink is larger than the one on the SR9. This Nvidia-based card has been variously called (probably unofficially) the 'M64' or 'Pepper M32,' but it was never a retail, end-user product.

Number Nine Video Cards using S3 Graphics Processors

Number Nine had a close business relationship with S3 throughout the 1990s. While the Imagine series GPUs and cards were Number Nine's flagship product, contemporaneously, Number Nine produced a series of less expensive video graphics cards using S3's GPUs. The S3-based cards were usually introduced in groups of three, at three price points below the Imagine cards. They carried the same model name, but different model numbers and GPUs. Except for the SR9, Number Nine's last, best S3 card, none of these video cards had heatsinks on the graphics processing chip (GPU).

The S3-based video cards were, in approximate order of introduction:

#9 Model	S3 GPU	Memory	PC Bus Architecture
GXE	928	1M, 2M, 4M VRAM	ISA, VLB, PCI
GXE 64	864	1M, 2M DRAM	ISA?, VLB, PCI
GXE 64 Pro	964	2M, 4M VRAM	ISA?, VLB, PCI
GXE 64/S3 Trio	764 (Trio)	1M, 2M DRAM	ISA?, VLB, PCI
Vision 330	764 (Trio)	1M, 2M DRAM	VLB, PCI
Motion 331	765 (Trio V+)	1M, 2M DRAM	VLB, PCI
Motion 531	868	1M, 2M DRAM	VLB, PCI
Motion 771	968	2M, 4M VRAM	VLB, PCI
Reality 332	325 (ViRGE)	2M EDO DRAM	PCI
Reality 772	988 (ViRGE VX)	2M, 4M VRAM	PCI
Reality 334	357 (ViRGE GX2)	4M SGRAM	PCI, AGP
SR9	Savage4 (small heatsink on GPU)	8M (some OEM), 16M, 32M SDRAM	PCI, AGP

PixelFusion Joint Venture

On April 20, 1999, Bankboston Business Credit announced it had provided $15 Million for Number Nine Visual Technology.^[14]

On August 9, 1999, PixelFusion Ltd. and Number Nine Visual Technology Corp. announced they had entered into a relationship whereby Number Nine would use PixelFusion's FUZION 150 chip to design a very high end 3D graphics accelerator card for AGP Pro-equipped PCs. The card would use 128 to 1024 MiB Rambus RDRAM, while the FUZION 150 chip would contain 24 megabits of embedded DRAM. The product was to be delivered in the first half of 2000.^[15] However, no retail products were made following the announcement.

References

^'Number Nine Visual Technology and S3 Inc. -- Business to Continue as Usual'. PR Newswire. 23 June 1999. http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/number-nine-visual-technology-and-s3-inc----business-to-continue-as-usual-74901647.html. Retrieved Jan. 8, 2011.
^'Number Nine Visual Technology Company History'. Number Nine Visual Technology. 1998. URL no longer available.
^'Number Nine - Computer Dictionary Definition'. http://computer.yourdictionary.com/number-nine. Retrieved Jan. 8, 2011.
^'Number Nine Visual Technology, Inc. Announces Merger Agreement'. Reuters. 20 Dec 1999. http://www.reuters.com/finance/stocks/keyDevelopments?symbol=IPMG.PK. Retrieved Jan. 8, 2011.
^'Silicon Spectrum, Inc. - Overview'. http://www.siliconspectrum.com/overview.htm. Retrieved Jan. 8, 2011.
^Manufacturers of Higher Resolution Graphics Boards. InfoWorld - Google Books. 20 Oct 1986. http://books.google.no/books?id=mzwEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA41&lpg=PA41&dq=Revolution+512x32&source=bl&ots=rHeJzunB9k&sig=Noj3R8o0RwmERV6XfSsYVvIiXJM&hl=en&ei=noB-TdGIGYvwsgb0gf32Bg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CCcQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=Revolution%20512x32&f=false. Retrieved Mar. 14, 2011.
^Machover, Carl; Dill, John (1985). 'PC color graphics board runs noninterlaced at 1280 X 1024 resolution'. ComputerGraphics (IEEE) 5 (10): 71. DOI:10.1109/MCG.1985.276240. http://www.computer.org/portal/web/csdl/doi/10.1109/MCG.1985.276240.
^Number Nine Announces Series of Graphics Cards. InfoWorld - Google Books. 20 Nov 1989. http://books.google.com/books?id=qDAEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PT25&lpg=PT25&dq=number+nine+computer+corporation+pepper&source=bl&ots=D7S0Ie2mG6&sig=AL_dgYhJCV_Ri04wqLVsT-gbr24&hl=en&ei=kgAvTeqxG4G-sQPz9tHxCA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CCkQ6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q&f=false. Retrieved Jan. 13, 2011.
^Notes on Imagine 128 retail box.
^Notes on Imagine 128 Series 2 retail box.
^Notes on Revolution 3D retail box
^Notes on Revolution IV retail box.
^'Number Nine Launches 'Ticket To Ride(TM) IV,' Its Fourth and Most Powerful 128-bit 3D/2D/Video Graphics Chip'. PR Newswire. 26 May 1998. http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/number-nine-launches-ticket-to-ridetm-iv-its-fourth-and-most-powerful-128-bit-3d2dvideo-graphics-chip-77974807.html. Retrieved Jan. 13, 2011.
^'Bankboston Business Credit Provides $15 Million for Number Nine Visual Technology.'. BUSINESS WIRE. 20 Apr. 1999. http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Bankboston+Business+Credit+Provides+$15+Million+for+Number+Nine...-a054420753. Retrieved May 2012.
^'PixelFusion and Number Nine Announce Agreement to Jointly Develop Industry's Most Powerful 3D Graphics Solution'. PixelFusion/Number Nine press release, SIGGRAPH. 9 Aug. 1999. http://web.archive.org/web/19991128051654/http://www.nine.com/press/aug9_99.html. Retrieved May 2012.

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